In vitro models of CRC, the transcription factor ATF4 is upregulated and controls the miR-145-5p/HDAC4/p53 axis by inhibiting the expression of miR-145-5p, thereby promoting tumorigenesis, autophagy, and chemoresistance to 5-FU (Zhao et al., 2022a). Here, ATF4 is linked to colorectal carcinoma.