PTPN1 and Insulin resistance: Astragalus polysaccharide can exert hypoglycemic effects by upregulating the expression of glucose transporter protein four mRNA; in addition, astragaloside inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis by regulating the PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 signaling pathway to regulate blood glucose, while protecting against the damage caused to pancreatic β−cells after activation of uric acid by this pathway, and also effectively improves insulin resistance by inhibiting protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B in insulin−resistant human hepatocytes HepG2 cells (Dai et al., 2022; Jiang et al., 2022).