TNF and metabolic disease: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of the outer membrane of most Gram-negative bacteria, is released upon bacterial cell death and enters the circulation through a ‟leaky gut”, resulting in increased levels of LPS in the blood (known as endotoxemia, which is a leading cause of metabolic diseases, such as insulin resistance, and is promoted by increased IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) (Tilg et al., 2020)), which acts as a powerful stimulator of host immunity (Park and Lee, 2013).