Currently, FDA-approved ICIs include anti-PD-1 (eg, nivolumab and pembrolizumab), anti-PD-L1 (atezolizumab, avelumab, durvalumab), or anti-CTLA-4 (Ipilimumab), which have shown superior therapeutic effectiveness in non-small cell lung cancer, melanoma, lymphoma, renal cell carcinoma or other malignancies (42–45). This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and renal cell carcinoma.