In acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and CML, blocking IL-1 signaling (for example, with anti-IL-1RA or anti-IL1RAP antibodies, IRAK1/4 inhibitors, IL-11/4 inhibitors, AP antibodies) eliminates LSCs in the TME, thereby preventing recurrence in patients (85–88). Here, IL1RAP is linked to acute myeloid leukemia.