CD274 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: The rationale for immune neoadjuvant therapy could be concluded as the following points (Figure 1): Firstly, the excellent efficacy of immunotherapy in locally advanced and metastatic NSCLC has been confirmed by several clinical trials, and both FDA and NMPA have approved several PD-1/PD-L1/CTLA-4 inhibitors alone or in combination for the first-line treatment of advanced driver-negative NSCLC; secondly, pre-operation patients are more likely to better tolerate full-dose systemic therapy with a better performance status(PS) score and fewer complications.