IGF2 and autoimmune disease: IGF2 via IGF2R reverses the abnormal activity of the AMPK-mTOR-S6K pathway and rescues active translation at synapses in autism-like phenotypes in mice (56), and bidirectional regulation of IGF2 in autoimmune diseases has been suggested to be related to the differential activation of IGF1R and IGF2R, which regulates both the anti- and pro-inflammatory effects of macrophages (57).