Probiotics have been reported to modulate the intestinal microbiota to prevent or delay the onset of T2DM by including improving the gut barrier, improving intestinal integrity, alleviating inflammation, increasing glucagon-like peptide (GLP) 1 and GLP 2, increasing the production of SCFAs, decreasing LPS levels and endoplasmic reticulum stress, improving peripheral insulin sensitivity, and so on (29). Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.