PIN4 and infection: To substantiate the findings that parvulin inhibition restricts HBV replication, we employed HBV infection setting through HBV wildtype virion (prepared from HepAD38 cells) mediated infection into HepG2-hNTCP cells at 1.7 × 103 GEq/cell, as described previously (Bichko et al., 1985; Ko et al., 2014; Nkongolo et al., 2014; Piracha et al., 2018, 2020; Saeed et al., 2019, 2021).