In our working model, social-defeat stress down-regulates LDHA expression in the dmPFC; LDHA deficiency in astrocytes reduces L-lactate production, leading to impaired neuronal excitability through elevation of BK channel-mediated fAHP, and eventually contributes to the development of depression-like phenotypes (Fig. 8k). The gene discussed is KCNMA1; the disease is depressive symptom measurement.