TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: There was a significant difference in serum TNF-α, a proinflammatory marker, between the normoglycemic, prediabetic, and T2DM groups [0.7 (95% CI -0.4–2.2) pg/mL vs 2.2 (95%CI 1.3–3.3) pg/mL vs 2.1 (95% CI 1.6–2.6) pg/mL, p = 0.036), suggesting a proinflammatory state in the prediabetic and diabetic groups (Table 1).