Remarkably, high levels of dual oxidase 2 (DUOX2) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression were detected in cluster (3) of cholangiocytes, but they were very low in other clusters of cholangiocytes (Fig. 2e, f), indicating a distinct subpopulation of cholangiocytes in human liver and a potential target for PBC. Here, DUOX2 is linked to primary biliary cholangitis.