To investigate which immune cell infiltrates were related to DUOX2+ACE2+ small cholangiocyte injury, we analyzed serial frozen liver sections from a control and PBC patient using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) (Fig. 4a), spatial transcriptomics (ST) (Fig. 4b–e), and multiplex IF analyses (Fig. 4f and Supplementary Fig. 14). This evidence concerns the gene ACE2 and primary biliary cholangitis.