TNF and measles: DSS administration significantly inhibited the ribosome pathway, whereas activated virus-associated pathways (influenza A, hepatitis C, measles, Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection, herpes simplex infection, human papillomavirus infection, and hepatitis B) and inflammation-associated pathways (JAK-STAT signaling pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, and NOD-like receptor signaling pathway) (Fig 6A and Table S3).