Neurotoxicity is mainly mediated by the production of ROS and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β, which are elevated in the brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and serum in PD patients (Boka et al., 1994; Mogi et al., 1994; Müller et al., 1998; Imamura et al., 2005; Karpenko et al., 2018). Here, TNF is linked to Parkinson disease.