It has been recently shown that RgIA reduces the damage caused bydextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice: the subcutaneous (s.c.)injection ofthis conotoxin reversed the severity of the disease in various aspects, including areduction in the colonic levels of TNF-α, which suggests that α9α10 nAChRs may beinvolved in pro-inflammatory mechanisms that take place in colitis [71]. Here, TNF is linked to colitis.