TNFRSF9 and Autoimmunity: Paradoxically, TNFRSF9 agonists have also been reported to ameliorate autoimmune encephalomyelitis25 and other animal models of autoimmunity.26 Soluble forms of TNFRSF9 antagonise membrane-bound TNFRSF9 and therapeutic TNFRSF9 agonists.