TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: White blood cell count (14), pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-1β, IL-6) (15), chemokines including monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), IL-8 and interferon-γ-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) (16), and several other indirect markers of inflammation including c-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, sialic acid and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) (17), have been identified as predictors of T2DM.