TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Moreover, liraglutide reduced levels of reactive oxygen species and inflammatory factors such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in a high-fat diet-induced liver injury model [34], whereby IL-1β and TNF-α have been demonstrated to reduce insulin biosynthesis and induce apoptosis [35] and are also important factors in insulin resistance in T2DM and hepatogenic diabetes [36].