XDH and endothelial dysfunction: As reported previously, increased serum uric acid (SUA) levels may contribute to the development of AF through the activation of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) and the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome induced by monosodium urate (MSU) crystals (6), meanwhile, it is also associated with vasoconstriction, endothelial dysfunction, and insulin resistance (7).