TNF and susceptibility to pneumonia measurement: Due to the inhalation of bacteria into the oropharynx, patients with AWS are more susceptible to pneumonia [4, 24, 25] Second, alcohol inhibits CXC chemokine production [26], S100 protein response [27], tumor necrosis factor-alpha, macrophage inflammatory protein-2 production, and recruitment of neutrophils and lymphocytes to the lung [28, 29].