Unlike TRIM69, which exhibited diverse expression patterns in various tissues, the gene expression of TRIM40 was barely detectable in most human tissues and human-derived cell lines, including colonic epithelial cells (HT-29, HCT116, and Caco-2), which is by contrast with TRIM31 highly expressed in intestine27 (Fig. 1b and Supplementary Fig. 1b); moreover, its expression is much higher in IBD samples than non-IBD control intestinal tissues (Fig. 1b, red and blue squares of bottom graph). Here, TRIM69 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.