TNF and infection: This effect was demonstrated by a significant reduction in viral protein expression and attenuation of the infection-induced increases in the expression of TMPRSS2, HECT E3 ligases, genes associated with the interferon-β response and the inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL6. Our results suggest that pantethine could exert its effects on both the entry and postentry SARS-CoV-2 pathogenic pathways with greater efficiency in the post-entry condition.