SMAD3 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: RMRP is upregulated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and promotes proliferation, invasion, and migration by interacting and recruiting YBX1 to the TGF-β receptor 1 (TGFBR1) promoter, upregulating TGFBR1 and enhancing the TGFBR1/SMAD2/SMAD3 growth signaling pathway (Yin et al., 2021).