Nurgazieva et al. [41] suggest that the effect of TGF-β on atherosclerosis depends on the balance between Smad1/5- and Smad2/3-dependent signaling, where Smad1/5 is pro-atherogenic, and Smad2/3 has anti-atherogenic effects. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and atherosclerosis.