Although the precise molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated, this may occur through loss of proteostasis involving vascular remodeling, inflammation, and immune dysfunction: Plasma proteins used in the construction of GrimAge, including adrenomedullin [56], beta-2- macroglobulin [57], growth differentiation factor 15 [58], and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 [59], are markers of inflammation response and immune function which have been linked to CVDs. This evidence concerns the gene GDF15 and immune system disorder.