The broad range of TNFα, IL-6, and IFNα responses seen among the IAV patients suggest that seasonal IAV strains are associated with milder cytokine responses than those observed during infections with 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza or highly pathogenic avian H5N1 strains (Oshansky et al., 2014; Sakabe et al., 2011; Dunning et al., 2018; Gerlach et al., 2013). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is infection.