PMEL and cancer: Advanced melanoma patients treated with a combination of ipilimumab and the peptide vaccine, gp100, benefitted from an increase in median overall survival from 6.4 to 10.0 months, compared to those treated with gp100 alone.12 Since then, other ICIs have been clinically approved such as pembrolizumab, a PD-1 inhibitor, for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).13 While ICI monotherapy can benefit patients through their ability to “remove the brakes” to facilitate the activation of antitumour-specific T cells, it is rarely curative for the majority of cancer types.