TNF and neuromyelitis optica: The increased proliferation of B1 astrocytes could be due to direct targeting by NMO-IgG but not to anti-AQP4 antibodies since these cells do not express AQP4.49 Belenguer et al. showed that TNF-α regulates VZ-NSCs differentiation and proliferation.50 Therefore, the production of TNF-α by ependymal cells in response to NMO-IgG observed in our model could explain the proliferation of qNSCs.