CD4 and COVID-19: HIV coinfection does not appear to alter severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) CD4+ function or phenotypes, but is associated with reduced CXCR3 expression on CD8+ T-cells.22,23 Higher HIVVLs are also associated with increased expression of activation markers on CD8+ T-cells in COVID-19, which may alter disease phenotypes.