Moreover, TGF-β might also control effector cell number by lowering BCL-2 amounts and promoting apoptosis of short-lived effector cells in mice, which interferes with anti-infection immunity in Listeria infection (157) and promotes medulloblastoma progression in SmoA1 (smoothened A1) transgenic medulloblastoma mice (158). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and medulloblastoma.