TNF and tuberculosis: Third, TB-MAPS induces well-balanced proinflammatory (IL-17- or TNF-α-producing) and cytotoxic (IFN-γ- or GrB-producing) CD4+ and CD8+ memory cells (Fig. 4) and thus may avoid unnecessary tissue damage due to polarized IFN-γ or IL-17 production (42, –, 46).