NFKB1 and infection: In this study, we have shown that the attenuation of VACV by deletion of a single immunomodulatory protein, N1, has a profound effect on pathophysiology of skin infection and results in greater secretion of NF-κB-driven cytokines and chemokines at the early stage of infection, an increased ability of the host to control viral replication and growth of opportunistic bacteria, and ultimately reduced tissue damage.