TNF expression in AP tissues and its role in NFkB-mediated bone resorption is also well documented (Alvares et al., 2018), whereas TAC1, which encodes products of the tachykinin peptide hormone family (e.g., substance P neurokinin A, neuropeptide K and gamma), is also a plausible player in AP pathogenesis, given its expression during tooth development and role as a neurotransmitter and vasodilator of relevance to the dental pulp (Weil et al., 1995). Here, NFKB1 is linked to alkaline phosphatase measurement.