INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: In this institute, to avoid diagnostic confusion with T1DM, individuals with the following characteristics are referred for genetic testing: a diagnosis of DM prior to 25 years of age, C-peptide > 0.6 ng/dl for five years after diagnosis of DM and negative islet autoantibodies (anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase [anti-GAD], anti-insulin antibodies and anti-tyrosine phosphatase antibodies).