Considering the biomarker sensitivity, ofCS-CSPGs colocalization, and assay stability, we selected ofCS-CD44 for further validation of its’ pan-cancer detection performance in an extensive dataset (2081 cases and 11654 community-based healthy controls) with 11 cancer types, including bladder cancer, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, gastric cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, lung cancer, colorectal carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma (Fig. 3a). Here, CD44 is linked to lung carcinoma.