As shown in Fig. 4a–c, the AUC of ofCS-CD44, ofCS-CSPG4 and ofCS-SDC1 for pan-cancer detection is 0.83(95% CI: 0.80–0.86), 0.69 (95% CI: 0.64–0.73), and 0.81 (95% CI: 0.77–0.84), respectively. Here, SDC1 is linked to cancer.