Furthermore, co-pathologies such as TDP-43- or α-synucleinopathy and coexistent cerebrovascular pathologies are frequently present.95, 96, 97 Nonetheless, Biomarker studies involving autopsy confirmation meet inherent challenges: biomarker measurements reflect the very latest stages of the disease, and may be affected by the lag time between death and autopsy, especially for proteins that are highly labile, and sample sizes are often relatively small. This evidence concerns the gene TARDBP and synucleinopathy.