The incidence of PCa in South Africa is on the upward trend: 29.4 per 100 000 men in 2007 and 67.9 per 100 000 men in 2012.5 In South Africa, PCa has the highest frequency of all new cancer cases, with 3896 deaths occurring of the 13 152 new patients (29.6%).6 Compared with men of other races, South African black men present with higher prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and higher stage and grade of disease, with the majority of the cases being incurable. Here, KLK3 is linked to cancer.