INS and diabetes mellitus: An integrative review on nurses’ diabetes knowledge that included studies from Africa, Australia, the United States of America and Europe, found that nurses had insufficient understanding of diabetes pathophysiology, symptoms and management, with markedly different results between studies.17 Conversely, 96% of participants in the present study knew what action to take if a patient is unconscious, 83% understood the signs of hypoglycaemia, 90% knew the causes of hypoglycaemia and 78% were aware of the physiological action of insulin.