In rats with LPS-induced ALI, artesunate treatment reduced TNF-α and IL-6 levels in BALF, decreased oxidative stress markers (i.e., MDA, SOD, and GSH-Px), and reduced apoptosis of lung cells by activating the mTOR/AKT/PI3K signaling pathway (Zhang E et al., 2020). Here, TNF is linked to acute respiratory distress syndrome.