What remains to be assessed, is whether specific targeted treatment approaches mightbenefit overlap syndromes, especially as targeted biological agents, such asrituximab, which have been shown effective in both conditions.34,35 We know,however, that the majority of patients with overlap SSc-AAV tend to carry the ATAantibody and the MPO antibody, and the combination of these autoantibodies inSSc-AAV confers a significantly increased risk of ILD. Here, MPO is linked to overlapping connective tissue disease.