NF-κB activation can also promote the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), which is a pro-inflammatory cytokine known to promote osteoclastogenesis and inhibit osteoblastogenesis and is therefore commonly associated with various bone diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis (Libermann and Baltimore, 1990; Harmer et al., 2018). Here, IL6 is linked to osteoporosis.