GDF15 and gestational diabetes: In the 5 GEO datasets (including GSE70493, GSE65737, GSE128381, GSE154377 and GSE203346), it was found that the expression level of GDF-15 mRNA in late pregnancy was significantly higher in 95 GDM patients compared with 267 non-GDM pregnant women, with SMD (95% CI) of 0.61(0.09,1.13) (Supplementary Figure S3).