(45) who studied the role of M1 macrophages in the pathology of DM-ILD, speculated that activated monocytes and Th1 cells promoted the expression of IL-2 and CXCL11, inducing the differentiation of M1 macrophages, and then M1 macrophages promoted the expression of IL-8 and IL-18 to activate neutrophils and produced pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α. Here, TNF is linked to dermatomyositis.