TH and Parkinson disease: At these three time points, the number of DA neurons in the SN decreased significantly in PD rats compared with the sham group as assessed by IHC (fold change: 0.31, 0.33, and 0.64, respectively) and WB (fold change: 0.33, 0.34, and 0.38, respectively, Figures 1B–E), similar to the TH-positive area in the striatum by IHC (fold change: 0.16, 0.16, and 0.27, respectively, Figures 2A, B) and WB (fold change: 0.21, 0.22, and 0.31, respectively, Supplementary Data 5), and astrocyte density in SN (Supplementary Data 6).