TLR4 and Immunodeficiency: Many studies have focused on the innate immune system because as mosquitoes take in a blood meal, there is an increase in the microbial community in the midgut (12, 34, 35), which activate signalling pathways such as the Immune Deficiency (IMD) and Toll pathways, and reduce Plasmodium numbers in the midgut (10, 36).