IFNA1 and viral infectious disease: Given the role of IFN secreted by host cells upon viral infection (60) in the pathophysiology of celiac disease—this cytokine has been suggested to promote T helper type 1 (Th1) responses in CD and its high levels can be observed in the duodenal mucosa from celiac patients (61)—it is speculated that viral infections are greater than bacterial risk factors for CD.