For instance, in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tissues, TANs-derived transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) induces EMT in human lung cancer tissues through the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)/Smad pathway, contributing to carcinogenesis (21, 22). Here, TGFB1 is linked to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.