CASTOR1 and atrial fibrillation: Studies have reported the importance of Castor1 in the mTOR complex I (mTORC1) signaling pathway (Gai et al., 2016) and RNF167 activates mTORC1 and promotes tumorigenesis by targeting CASTOR1 for ubiquitination and degradation (Li et al., 2021), but little is known about the functional role of IR in Castor1. Another example is Atp5mc1, the gene encoding a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase and associated with CVDs (Hartmann et al., 2022), showed differential AF events in Ang II treated RAECs (Figure 4H).