However, a false positive result for antiphospholipid antibodies can be caused by infection [40], and in the present study, SLE patients with isolated anti-Ro52 were more likely to concurrently suffer from infection compared with the other groups, which may partially explain the highest prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies in SLE patients with anti-Ro52 antibodies alone. This evidence concerns the gene TRIM21 and systemic lupus erythematosus.