Finally, FXR-FGF15 signaling pathway is also modulated following bacterial infection of the gastrointestinal tract with bile-acid resistant pathogens.23,24 The recent discovery that bile acid-derived taurine can boost colonization resistance against opportunistic pathogens, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, suggests that a bile metabolite-based approach could be an interesting strategy to enhance colonization resistance against various infections.25 This evidence concerns the gene NR1H4 and bacterial infectious disease.